Second Feminist Wave- 1968 Article Martha Weinman Lear

Martha Weinman Lears article The Second Feminist Wave appeared in The New York Times Magazine on March 10, 1968. Across the top of the page ran a subtitle question: What do these women want? Martha Weinman Lears article offered some answers to that question, a question that would still be asked decades later by a public that persists in misunderstanding feminism. Explaining Feminism in 1968 In The Second Feminist Wave, Martha Weinman Lear reported on the activities of the new feminists of the 1960s womens movement, including the National Organization for Women. NOW was not quite two years old in March 1968, but the organization was making its womens voices heard across the U.S. The article offered explanation and analysis from Betty Friedan, then president of NOW. Martha Weinman Lear reported such NOW activities as: Picketing newspapers (including The New York Times) in protest of sex-segregated help wanted adsArguing on behalf of airline stewardesses at the Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionPushing for the repeal of all state abortion lawsLobbying for the Equal Rights Amendment (also known as ERA) in Congress What Women Want The Second Feminist Wave also examined the often ridiculed history of feminism and the fact that some women distanced themselves from the movement. Anti-feminist voices said U.S. women were comfortable in their role and were lucky to be the most privileged women on earth. In the anti-feminist view, Martha Weinman Lear wrote, the status quo is plenty good enough. In the feminist view, it is a sellout: American women have traded their rights for their comfort, and now are too comfortable to care. In answering the question of what women want, Martha Weinman Lear listed some of NOWs early goals: Total enforcement of Title VII of the Civil Rights ActNationwide network of community child care centersTax deductions for housekeeping and child care expenses for working parentsMaternity benefits including paid leave and a guaranteed right to return to a jobRevision of divorce and alimony laws (unsuccessful marriages should be terminated without hypocrisy, and new ones contracted without undue financial hardship to man or woman)A Constitutional amendment withholding federal funds from any agency or organization that discriminated against women Supporting Details Martha Weinman Lear wrote a sidebar distinguishing feminism from Woman Power, a peaceful protest of womens groups against the Vietnam War. Feminists wanted women to organize for womens rights, but sometimes criticized the organization of women as women for other causes, such as women against the war. Many radical feminists felt that organizing as ladies auxiliaries, or as the womens voice on a particular issue, helped men subjugate or dismiss women as a footnote in politics and society. It was crucial for feminists to organize politically for the cause of womens equality. Ti-Grace Atkinson was extensively quoted in the article as a representative voice of the emerging radical feminism. The Second Feminist Wave included photographs of what it labeled old school feminists fighting for women suffrage in 1914, as well as men sitting in a 1960s NOW meeting next to women. The caption of the latter photo cleverly called the men fellow travelers. Martha Weinman Lears article The Second Feminist Wave is remembered as an important early article about the 1960s womens movement that reached a national audience and analyzed the importance of the resurgence of feminism.

Fracking An Unconventional Technique For Harvesting...

Fractually Inaccurate Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known and hereby referred to as fracking, has been around for decades- but it seems that it has only recently become a prominent point of contention in our society. Fracking is considered an unconventional technique for harvesting natural gas and oil. Where conventional wells drill straight down and can only collect from more free-flowing deposits, fracking allows for horizontal drilling into shale deposits and uses water pressure to enlarge pre-existing fractures- freeing up otherwise unobtainable fuel. First used by Halliburton in 1949 (Beaver 179), fracking has been credited as having wide variety of economic and environmental benefits. Recently however, it has come under fire as being a dangerous and dirty source of energy. Using the articles â€Å"Should We Frack?† by Bruce Beaver, and Cornucopia or Curse? Reviewing the Costs and Benefits of Shale Gas Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking),† by B.K. Sovacool, I will eval uate the merits and detriments of the fracking process. By examining its environmental, public health and safety, and economic effects- I will show that fracking is not stable, safe, or clean enough to be considered an effective, long-term source of energy. The most obvious obstacle to fracking becoming a sustainable source of energy is the way in which it contributes to climate change. In his article, B.K. Sovacool cites a study which states that 50 percent of natural gas wells that were inspected in QuebecShow MoreRelatedFracking : The Economic And Environmental Effect Of Hydraulic Fracking1165 Words   |  5 PagesFracking Fracking, a technique used to extract natural gas and oil from the earth s subterranean rocks, is by no means a new thing. As the United States strives for energy independence, the number of wells produced by hydraulic fracturing has increased substantially. This method of harvesting natural gas and oil may contribute to pollution and has become a controversial topic. It is important to understand the pros and cons of fracking before drawing conclusions. Analyzing the economic and environmental

Cell Structure free essay sample

Plant Cells have cell walls, which makes them appear rectangular or square in shape, these structures are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and other materials, plant cells have chlorophyll the light absorbing pigment required for photosynthesis. Animal cells do not have cell walls they only have a cell membrane, this makes their shape round, they have lysosones which plants do not. Both contain DNA unique to their species or type of plant. 4. Which of the following structures are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Plasma Membrane- present in both cell types Golgi Apparatus- not present in the prokaryotic cell, present in the eukaryotic cell DNA- both have DNA Lysosomes and peroxisomes- prokaryotic cells do not have either, eukaryotic cells contain both Cytoplasm- both contain cytoplasm 5. Where is genetic material found in plant cells? Found on the DNA within the plants nuclei cells. 6. Mitochondria contain their own DNA (circular) and have a double membrane. However, with the creation of microscope, scientists and researchers are able to study the specimen of a cell and identify its different structure. Big structures such as the cell wall, cell membrane and nucleus could be seen under the light microscope. Nevertheless, some smaller structures are still too small to be identified without first staining it. Stains can be used to enhance contrast in microscopy image. The choices of stain are important because different stains react or concentrate in different parts of a cell or tissue. This can be seen when acetocarmine stains the nucleus and its contents; iodine solution stains starch grains. Through this experiment, we will be able to determine the structures in the cell. Results and Discussion I. Epidermal Cells of Plants Low power| | The diagram drawn is the upper layer of the cell of the Rheo Discolours leaf. From the diagram, we can see that the cells structured together, that is it seems to be a layer of over-lapped plant cells. Some of the cell have rhombus shaped object. Most of the cells have thick cell wall. After adding the stain iodine, the nucleus of the cell can be seen clearly on the few cells with a few smaller dark spots, that is the starch grains. High power| | The diagram drawn above shows the lower side of the Rheo Discolours leaf cells. While the upper surface has the simple structures such as cell membranes, cell walls and vacuole, the lower structure consists of all that and also a clearer view of the epidermal cells of the leaf. When magnified, the guard cells and also the stomata. The guard cells are lip-shaped, surrounding the stomata. Most of the cells have thick cell wall, with signs of the parenchyma cells on the surface layer and the lower layer of the cell. There are signs of collenchymas especially when there are thickening around the edges of the cell wall when both corners are joined at the cell wall on both surfaces. The lower surface have definitely larger amount of guard cells and stoma compare to the upper surface of the leave. The cell that contains green plastids is the guard cells which contain the chloroplast. II. Cell Wall and Middle Lamellae | The structure drawn above is the transverse section of celery cell. The cell wall is seen from the microscope, surrounding the structure and keeping it intact. A cross-section of a celery sample is composed of many cells. Transparent cells are in pith, vascular tissues and endodermis. Endodermis is like a border between the inner and outer parts of a leaf. In the inner part of the leaf, the vascular tissue can be seen quite clearly grouped together, although the difference whether it is a xylem or phloem is indistinguishable. Collenchyma cell can also be seen in this cell when the walls are joined angularly at the corners. The fine channel in the cellulose that connects the adjacent cells is the plasmodemata. III. Yeast Cells (Saccharomyces) The cell drawn above is the structure of the yeast cell which is small when observed under the microscope. Yeast is a tiny form of fungi or plant-like microorganism (visible only under a microscope) that exists in or on all living matter. Inside the yeast, one could see the nucleus, which are the dark colour dots, a liquid solution of protoplasm, protein, fat and mineral matter that the yeast is mainly composed of and the dark patches called the vacuole. However, it can be seen that the yeast cells do have irregular shaped cell walls. In a way, yeast cell resembles the plant cells as they also have a cell wall. Budding is a type of asexual reproduction commonly seen in yeast cells. New individuals will arise from the outgrowths of existing ones. Budding allows the cell to grow without the fusion of the egg and sperm cell. Therefore, individual cells can also reproduce without a mate. I can conclude that yeast is neither a plant nor an animal cell; it is a type of fungi like mushroom. IV. Blood cells The structure above shows the drawing of the red blood cells. The red blood cells are so small that none of the structures are distinguishable. However, I could be sure that the red blood cell does not contain any nucleus. It is irregular in shape, so the cell wall is also absent. The blood cells mostly clump together. They differ from the regular animal cell in the sense that it does not contain any nucleus whatsoever and it has no starch grains. The red blood cell is surrounded by a type of liquid, named the plasma. V. Spirogyra Cells The Spirogyra cells are cells that consist of a chain of elongated cells joined end to end. It consists of the basic structure seen in the plant cells, which is cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, small starch grains and most importantly the chloroplast which is the most visible under the microscope. The chloroplast consists of stacks of grana that can be seen clearly spiraling along the elongated cells. Chloroplast is important for the plant during photosynthesis as it converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy. VI. Flagellum The cell drawn above is the Euglena cells. It is a one body cell that exists individually. It is very small even under the microscope and is barely visible even with staining. The euglena cell is green in colour. However it is not a plant cell because the shape is an irregular shape. Some of the Euglena has a tail structure that comes from the top of the cell. This tail is called the flagellum. It seems that the flagellum is its mode of transport. Conclusion In a cell, whether an animal or a plant cells or cells from other groups in the animal kingdom, there are also smaller molecular structures that can only be seen with a high power microscope. Some structures require staining in order to be visible to the eye even with a microscope. Every staining is unique in order to see certain structures of the cell. Different types of cells have different structures and shapes. Every cell has their own special characteristics in these structures.

Misunderstanding Men And Women Essays - Gender, Biology, Identity

Misunderstanding Men and Women Since the beginning of biological time, males and females have had noticeable and unnoticeable differences. These differences have caused conflicts, which have endured time and are still a part of our modern everyday lives. However, the discord has become more defined than what is characterized as a woman and a man. In order to attempt accordance between the sexes, it is essential that we educated ourselves in the true meanings of men, women, masculinity, femininity and the power aspects involved. Before going into detail on the many differences between being a man and a woman, one must carefully examine the proper definitions of masculinity and femininity. These terms are common "falsely understood" words that no one has taken the time to define yet everyone uses on a daily basis. All human beings are classified by their biological and psychological sex. A biological man is a person born with the male genitalia, as a biological woman is a person born with the female genitalia. A biological male person along with a biological female person are needed to reach the goal of biological sexuality: procreation. On the other hand, a psychologically male person is a person that believes he or she is a male and vice versa for a psychologically female person. Psychological sexuality is about the personality traits that distinguish many men and women. For example, women are often more intuitive than men. Men often are better at spatial relationships than women. These two are needed for t he psychological sexuality goal: making a love relationship. Femininity can be defined by such feminine traits as being soft, nurturing, intuitive, accepting and empathetic. Being stoic, analytical and public are traits generally associated with masculinity. Hence, from the previous definitions we can say that a "man" is a psychologically masculine person. He can be either biologically feminine or masculine. A "woman" is a psychologically feminine person. She can be either biologically masculine or feminine. A greatly noticeable difference between men and women is the power aspects of masculinity and femininity. Men seem most comfortable in situations where the power structure and its laws are clear to them. Competition is another trait of the masculine personality. He competes in order to gain control since, according to him, the strongest and most dominant person leads and makes all the important decisions. When working in groups with other men, he believes that the absence of rules will lead to the most aggressive person, rather than the best leader, gaining control of the group. When working with other women, however, he usually wants to know whether a biological female wants to be treated like a man or like a woman. A power aspect of the feminine power style or femininity is cooperation. When a woman cooperates she is submitting to the will of the other person in the expectation that the other person will take her needs and wants into consideration. When women cooperate with each other they are submitting to the combined will of the two people in the relationship (which includes her, of course, so she has a say in the decision-making process.) During group work, women have consensus decision-making. Each person takes responsibility for making sure that everything is shared equally. Women are capable of working well together without rules or establishing a hierarchy. When working with men, a woman's femininity works against her, because the business world operates by masculine principles: competition constrained by rules. Through the years, science has developed models for the relationships between men and women, more specifically, the power and love aspects of relationships. Men and women in love relationships have complementary power traits that are a large part of what attracts women to men and men to women. Love relationships bring out the power aspects of a man's masculinity and a woman's femininity. A woman wants her man to take responsibility for her and he can best show his love for her by accepting this responsibility. Likewise, a man wants to take responsibility for his woman and she demonstrates her love by giving him this responsibility. The first relationship model is known to psychologists as the modern model. It encapsulates the idea of power sharing. Since the 1970s the politically correct arrangement